国家心血管病中心 , 中国心血管健康与疾病报告编写组 , 胡盛寿 , 等 . 中国心血管健康与疾病报告2023概要 [J ] . 中国循环杂志 , 2024 , 39 ( 7 ): 625 ‑ 660 .

National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese report on cardiovascular health and diseases compilation group, HU S S, et al . Summary of China cardiovascular health and disease report 2023 [J ] . Chin Circ J , 2024 , 39 ( 7 ): 625 ‑ 660 .

TALL A R , BORNFELDT K E . Inflammasomes and atherosclerosis: A mixed picture [J ] . Circ Res , 2023 , 132 ( 11 ): 1505 ‑ 1520 .

FERNANDEZ D M , RAHMAN A H , FERNANDEZ N F , et al . Single‑cell immune landscape of human atherosclerotic plaques [J ] . Nat Med , 2019 , 25 ( 10 ): 1576 ‑ 1588 .

ROSS R , GLOMSET J A . Atherosclerosis and the arterial smooth muscle cell: Proliferation of smooth muscle is a key event in the genesis of the lesions of atherosclerosis [J ] . Science , 1973 , 180 ( 4093 ): 1332 ‑ 1339 .

NEELAND I J , POIRIER P , DESPRÉS J P . Cardiovascular and metabolic heterogeneity of obesity: Clinical challenges and implications for management [J ] . Circulation , 2018 , 137 ( 13 ): 1391 ‑ 1406 .

BENTZON J F , OTSUKA F , VIRMANI R , et al . Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture [J ] . Circ Res , 2014 , 114 ( 12 ): 1852 ‑ 1866 .

SCHELEMEI P , WAGNER E , PICARD F S R , et al . Macrophage mediators and mechanisms in cardiovascular disease [J ] . FASEB J , 2024 , 38 ( 2 ): e23424 .

DONG C . Cytokine regulation and function in T cells [J ] . Annu Rev Immunol , 2021 , 39 : 51 ‑ 76 .

HANSSON G K , LIBBY P , TABAS I . Inflammation and plaque vulnerability [J ] . J Intern Med , 2015 , 278 ( 5 ): 483 ‑ 493 .

CHISTIAKOV D A , OREKHOV A N , BOBRYSHEV Y V . Immune‑inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis: Role of an adaptive immunity mainly driven by T and B cells [J ] . Immunobiology , 2016 , 221 ( 9 ): 1014 ‑ 1033 .

XIA M , WU Q M , CHEN P F , et al . Regulatory T cell‑related gene biomarkers in the deterioration of atherosclerosis [J ] . Front Cardiovasc Med , 2021 , 8 : 661709 .

GISTERÅ A , ROBERTSON A L , ANDERSSON J , et al . Transforming growth factor‑β signaling in T cells promotes stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques through an interleukin‑17‑dependent pathway [J ] . Sci Transl Med , 2013 , 5 ( 196 ): 196ra100 .

ZHANG Q , WANG L , WANG S Q , et al . Signaling pathways and targeted therapy for myocardial infarction [J ] . Signal Transduct Target Ther , 2022 , 7 ( 1 ): 78 .

GHAFOOR M , KAMAL M , NADEEM U , et al . Educational case: Myocardial infarction: Histopathology and timing of changes [J ] . Acad Pathol , 2020 , 7 : 2374289520976639 .

MATTER M A , PANENI F , LIBBY P , et al . Inflammation in acute myocardial infarction: The good, the bad and the ugly [J ] . Eur Heart J , 2024 , 45 ( 2 ): 89 ‑ 103 .

HEUSCH G , GERSH B J . The pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction and strategies of protection beyond reperfusion: A continual challenge [J ] . Eur Heart J , 2017 , 38 ( 11 ): 774 ‑ 784 .

ALGOET M , JANSSENS S , HIMMELREICH U , et al . Myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury and the influence of inflammation [J ] . Trends Cardiovasc Med , 2023 , 33 ( 6 ): 357 ‑ 366 .

VAN HOUT G P , ARSLAN F , PASTERKAMP G , et al . Targeting danger‑associated molecular patterns after myocardial infarction [J ] . Expert Opin Ther Targets , 2016 , 20 ( 2 ): 223 ‑ 239 .

ABBATE A , SALLOUM F N , VECILE E , et al . Anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin‑1 receptor antagonist, inhibits apoptosis in experimental acute myocardial infarction [J ] . Circulation , 2008 , 117 ( 20 ): 2670 ‑ 2683 .

WANDERER A A . Ischemic‑reperfusion syndromes: Biochemical and immunologic rationale for IL‑1 targeted therapy [J ] . Clin Immunol , 2008 , 128 ( 2 ): 127 ‑ 132 .

YAP J , IREI J , LOZANO‑GERONA J , et al . Macrophages in cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction [J ] . Nat Rev Cardiol , 2023 , 20 ( 6 ): 373 ‑ 385 .

KOLOGRIVOVA I , SHTATOLKINA M , SUSLOVA T , et al . Cells of the immune system in cardiac remodeling: Main players in resolution of inflammation and repair after myocardial infarction [J ] . Front Immunol , 2021 , 12 : 664457 .

GARLAPATI V , LUO Q , POSMA J , et al . Macrophage‑expressed coagulation factor Ⅶ promotes adverse cardiac remodeling [J ] . Circ Res , 2024 , 135 ( 8 ): 841 ‑ 855 .

RIDKER P M , HENNEKENS C H , BURING J E , et al . C‑reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2000 , 342 ( 12 ): 836 ‑ 843 .

RIDKER P M , RIFAI N , STAMPFER M J , et al . Plasma concentration of interleukin‑6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men [J ] . Circulation , 2000 , 101 ( 15 ): 1767 ‑ 1772 .

RIDKER P M , DANIELSON E , FONSECA F A , et al . Reduction in C‑reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: A prospective study of the JUPITER trial [J ] . Lancet , 2009 , 373 ( 9670 ): 1175 ‑ 1182 .

BUSTOS C , HERNÁNDEZ‑PRESA M A , ORTEGO M , et al . HMG‑CoA reductase inhibition by atorvastatin reduces neointimal inflammation in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis [J ] . J Am Coll Cardiol , 1998 , 32 ( 7 ): 2057 ‑ 2064 .

ORTEGO M , BUSTOS C , HERNÁNDEZ‑PRESA M A , et al . Atorvastatin reduces NF‑kappaB activation and chemokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and mononuclear cells [J ] . Atherosclerosis , 1999 , 147 ( 2 ): 253 ‑ 261 .

LU L , LIU H , PENG J H , et al . Regulations of the key mediators in inflammation and atherosclerosis by aspirin in human macrophages [J ] . Lipids Health Dis , 2010 , 9 : 16 .

LI X H , ZHANG G X , CAO X . The function and regulation of platelet P2Y12 receptor [J ] . Cardiovasc Drugs Ther , 2023 , 37 ( 1 ): 199 ‑ 216 .

WANG Y T , TIKELLIS C , THOMAS M C , et al . Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and atherosclerosis [J ] . Atherosclerosis , 2013 , 226 ( 1 ): 3 ‑ 8 .

DEROISSART J , PORSCH F , KOLLER T , et al . Anti‑inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapies in atherosclerosis [J ] . Handb Exp Pharmacol , 2022 , 270 : 359 ‑ 404 .

MACLEOD C , HADOKE P W F , NIXON M . Glucocorticoids: Fuelling the fire of atherosclerosis or therapeutic extinguishers? [J ] . Int J Mol Sci , 2021 , 22 ( 14 ): 7622 .

GARCÍA R A , SEARCH D J , LUPISELLA J A , et al . 11β‑hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 gene knockout attenuates atherosclerosis and in vivo foam cell formation in hyperlipidemic apoE ⁻/⁻ mice [J ] . PLoS One , 2013 , 8 ( 2 ): e53192 .

KIPARI T , HADOKE P W F , IQBAL J , et al . 11β‑hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 deficiency in bone marrow‑derived cells reduces atherosclerosis [J ] . FASEB J , 2013 , 27 ( 4 ): 1519 ‑ 1531 .

IQBAL J , MACDONALD L J , LOW L , et al . Contribution of endogenous glucocorticoids and their intravascular metabolism by 11β‑HSDs to postangioplasty neointimal proliferation in mice [J ] . Endocrinology , 2012 , 153 ( 12 ): 5896 ‑ 5905 .

GOODWIN J E , ZHANG X B , ROTLLAN N , et al . Endothelial glucocorticoid receptor suppresses atherogenesis: Brief report [J ] . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , 2015 , 35 ( 4 ): 779 ‑ 782 .

PREUSCH M R , RATTAZZI M , ALBRECHT C , et al . Critical role of macrophages in glucocorticoid driven vascular calcification in a mouse‑model of atherosclerosis [J ] . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , 2008 , 28 ( 12 ): 2158 ‑ 2164 .

JÜNI P , NARTEY L , REICHENBACH S , et al . Risk of cardiovascular events and rofecoxib: Cumulative meta‑analysis [J ] . Lancet , 2004 , 364 ( 9450 ): 2021 ‑ 2029 .

BALLY M , DENDUKURI N , RICH B , et al . Risk of acute myocardial infarction with NSAIDs in real world use: Bayesian meta‑analysis of individual patient data [J ] . BMJ , 2017 , 357 : j1909 .

MISAWA T , TAKAHAMA M , KOZAKI T , et al . Microtubule‑driven spatial arrangement of mitochondria promotes activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome [J ] . Nat Immunol , 2013 , 14 ( 5 ): 454 ‑ 460 .

SCHWARZ N , FERNANDO S , CHEN Y C , et al . Colchicine exerts anti‑atherosclerotic and‑plaque‑stabilizing effects targeting foam cell formation [J ] . FASEB J , 2023 , 37 ( 4 ): e22846 .

TARDIF J C , KOUZ S , WATERS D D , et al . Efficacy and safety of low‑dose colchicine after myocardial infarction [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2019 , 381 ( 26 ): 2497 ‑ 2505 .

NIDORF S M , EIKELOOM J W , BUDGEON C A , et al . Low⁃dose colchicine for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease [J ] . J Am Coll Cardiol , 2013 , 61 ( 4 ): 404 ⁃ 410 .

NIDORF S M , FIOLET A T L , MOSTERD A , et al . Colchicine in patients with chronic coronary disease [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2020 , 383 ( 19 ): 1838 ‑ 1847 .

VAIDYA K , ARNOTT C , MARTÍNEZ G J , et al . Colchicine therapy and plaque stabilization in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A CT coronary angiography study [J ] . JACC Cardiovasc Imaging , 2018 , 11 ( 2 Pt 2 ): 305 ‑ 316 .

VISSEREN F L J , MACH F , SMULDERS Y M , et al . 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice [J ] . Eur Heart J , 2021 , 42 ( 34 ): 3227 ‑ 3337 .

VIRANI S S , NEWBY L K , ARNOLD S V , et al . 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease: A report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines [J ] . Circulation , 2023 , 148 ( 9 ): e9 ‑ e119 .

MEWTON N , ROUBILLE F , BRESSON D , et al . Effect of colchicine on myocardial injury in acute myocardial infarction [J ] . Circulation , 2021 , 144 ( 11 ): 859 ‑ 869 .

TONG D C , BLOOM J E , QUINN S , et al . Colchicine in patients with acute coronary syndrome: two‑year follow‑up of the Australian COPS randomized clinical trial [J ] . Circulation , 2021 , 144 ( 19 ): 1584 ‑ 1586 .

VRINTS C , ANDREOTTI F , KOSKINAS K C , et al . 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes [J ] . Eur Heart J , 2024 , 45 ( 36 ): 3415 ‑ 3537 .

JUNG M , DODSWORTH M , THUM T . Inflammatory cells and their non‑coding RNAs as targets for treating myocardial infarction [J ] . Basic Res Cardiol , 2018 , 114 ( 1 ): 4 .

RYABOV V , GOMBOZHAPOVA A , ROGOVSKAYA Y , et al . Cardiac CD68 + and stabilin‑1 + macrophages in wound healing following myocardial infarction: From experiment to clinic [J ] . Immunobiology , 2018 , 223 ( 4/5 ): 413 ‑ 421 .

XU G R , ZHANG C , YANG H X , et al . Modified Citrus pectin ameliorates myocardial fibrosis and inflammation via suppressing galectin‑3 and TLR4/MyD88/NF‑κB signaling pathway [J ] . Biomed Pharmacother , 2020 , 126 : 110071 .

SUN J H , YANG H X , YAO T T , et al . Gentianella acuta prevents acute myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol in rats via inhibition of galectin‑3/TLR4/MyD88/NF‑кB inflammatory signalling [J ] . Inflammopharmacology , 2021 , 29 ( 1 ): 205 ‑ 219 .

RAMIREZ‑CARRACEDO R , TESORO L , HERNANDEZ I , et al . Targeting TLR4 with ApTOLL improves heart function in response to coronary ischemia reperfusion in pigs undergoing acute myocardial infarction [J ] . Biomolecules , 2020 , 10 ( 8 ): 1167 .

SORAYA H , CLANACHAN A S , RAMESHRAD M , et al . Chronic treatment with metformin suppresses toll‑like receptor 4 signaling and attenuates left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction [J ] . Eur J Pharmacol , 2014 , 737 : 77 ‑ 84 .

SU Q , LV X W , SUN Y H , et al . Role of TLR4/MyD88/NF‑κB signaling pathway in coronary microembolization‑induced myocardial injury prevented and treated with nicorandil [J ] . Biomed Pharmacother , 2018 , 106 : 776 ‑ 784 .

WANG F Y , GONG Y , CHEN T , et al . Maresin1 ameliorates ventricular remodelling and arrhythmia in mice models of myocardial infarction via NRF2/HO‑1 and TLR4/NF‑κB signalling [J ] . Int Immunopharmacol , 2022 , 113 : 109369 .

KAWAGUCHI M , TAKAHASHI M , HATA T , et al . Inflammasome activation of cardiac fibroblasts is essential for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury [J ] . Circulation , 2011 , 123 ( 6 ): 594 ‑ 604 .

SANDANGER Ø , RANHEIM T , VINGE L E , et al . The NLRP3 inflammasome is up‑regulated in cardiac fibroblasts and mediates myocardial ischaemia‑reperfusion injury [J ] . Cardiovasc Res , 2013 , 99 ( 1 ): 164 ‑ 174 .

VAN HOUT G P J , BOSCH L , ELLENBROEK G H J M , et al . The selective NLRP3‑inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 reduces infarct size and preserves cardiac function in a pig model of myocardial infarction [J ] . Eur Heart J , 2017 , 38 ( 11 ): 828 ‑ 836 .

TAN H P , SONG Y N , CHEN J , et al . Platelet‑like fusogenic liposome‑mediated targeting delivery of miR‑21 improves myocardial remodeling by reprogramming macrophages post myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury [J ] . Adv Sci , 2021 , 8 ( 15 ): 2100787 .

JIANG J J , GU X P , WANG H F , et al . Resveratrol improves cardiac function and left ventricular fibrosis after myocardial infarction in rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activity and the TGF‑β1/SMAD2 signaling pathway [J ] . PeerJ , 2021 , 9 : e11501 .

QIU H L , LIU W , LAN T H , et al . Salvianolate reduces atrial fibrillation through suppressing atrial interstitial fibrosis by inhibiting TGF‑β1/Smad2/3 and TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways in post‑MI rats [J ] . Phytomedicine , 2018 , 51 : 255 ‑ 265 .

GAO R F , LI X , XIANG H Y , et al . The covalent NLRP3‑inflammasome inhibitor Oridonin relieves myocardial infarction induced myocardial fibrosis and cardiac remodeling in mice [J ] . Int Immunopharmacol , 2021 , 90 : 107133 .

ZHAO Z H , ZHANG X M , SUN T N , et al . Prognostic value of systemic immune‑inflammation index in CAD patients: Systematic review and meta‑analyses [J ] . Eur J Clin Investig , 2024 , 54 ( 2 ): e14100 .

URBANOWICZ T , MICHALAK M , KOMOSA A , et al . Predictive value of systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) for complex coronary artery disease occurrence in patients presenting with angina equivalent symptoms [J ] . Cardiol J , 2024 , 31 ( 4 ): 583 ‑ 595 .

MURAT B , MURAT S , OZGEYIK M , et al . Comparison of pan‑immune‑inflammation value with other inflammation markers of long‑term survival after ST‑segment elevation myocardial infarction [J ] . Eur J Clin Investig , 2023 , 53 ( 1 ): e13872 .

RIDKER P M , EVERETT B M , THUREN T , et al . Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2017 , 377 ( 12 ): 1119 ‑ 1131 .

KLEVELAND O , KUNSZT G , BRATLIE M , et al . Effect of a single dose of the interleukin‑6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab on inflammation and troponin T release in patients with non‑ST‑elevation myocardial infarction: A double‑blind, randomized, placebo‑controlled phase 2 trial [J ] . Eur Heart J , 2016 , 37 ( 30 ): 2406 ‑ 2413 .

BROCH K , ANSTENSRUD A K , WOXHOLT S , et al . Randomized trial of interleukin‑6 receptor inhibition in patients with acute ST‑segment elevation myocardial infarction [J ] . J Am Coll Cardiol , 2021 , 77 ( 15 ): 1845 ‑ 1855 .

RIDKER P M , DEVALARAJA M , BAERES F M M , et al . IL‑6 inhibition with ziltivekimab in patients at high atherosclerotic risk (RESCUE): A double‑blind, randomised, placebo‑controlled, phase 2 trial [J ] . Lancet , 2021 , 397 ( 10289 ): 2060 ‑ 2069 .

LAHOUTE C , HERBIN O , MALLAT Z , et al . Adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and future therapeutic targets [J ] . Nat Rev Cardiol , 2011 , 8 ( 6 ): 348 ‑ 358 .

LI J , GUASCH‑FERRÉ M , CHUNG W , et al . The Mediterranean diet, plasma metabolome, and cardiovascular disease risk [J ] . Eur Heart J , 2020 , 41 ( 28 ): 2645 ‑ 2656 .

GEORGE E S , GEORGOUSOPOULOU E N , MELLOR D D , et al . Exploring the path of Mediterranean diet, non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and inflammation towards 10‑year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk: The ATTICA study 10‑year follow‑up (2002‑2012) [J ] . Nutrients , 2022 , 14 ( 12 ): 2367 .

HU L H , HU B X , ZHANG L , et al . Role of gut microbiota and metabolomics in the lipid‑lowering efficacy of statins among Chinese patients with coronary heart disease and hypercholesterolemia [J ] . Front Cell Infect Microbiol , 2024 , 14 : 1408581 .

MA J W , LI K . Systemic immune‑inflammation index is associated with coronary heart disease: A cross‑sectional study of NHANES 2009‑2018 [J ] . Front Cardiovasc Med , 2023 , 10 : 1199433 .

LIU Y H , YE T , CHEN L , et al . Systemic immune‑inflammation index predicts the severity of coronary stenosis in patients with coronary heart disease [J ] . Coron Artery Dis , 2021 , 32 ( 8 ): 715 ‑ 720 .

CANDEMIR M , KIZILTUNÇ E , NURKOÇ S , et al . Relationship between systemic immune‑inflammation index (SII) and the severity of stable coronary artery disease [J ] . Angiology , 2021 , 72 ( 6 ): 575 ‑ 581 .