Improving seed quality remains a major objective in soybean breeding
yet the effective use of diverse germplasm resources is constrained by insufficient phenotypic characterization. In this article
112 soybean germplasm accessions were evaluated for 26 quality-related traits across 3 environments to define their variation patterns
trait associations
and elite quality donors. Across environments
the 26 traits showed substantial phenotypic variation
with coefficients of variation ranging from 3.21% to 18.25%. Seed oil content ranged from 17.00% to 26.33%
whereas seed protein content varied from 28.10% to 46.67%. Oil content was significantly negatively correlated with all protein-related traits
highlighting the persistent trade-off between these major seed quality attributes. Integrative evaluation based on multivariate analysis identified Suinong 76 as the top-performing accession for overall quality. Cluster analysis resolved the 112 accessions into 5 groups
including a high-protein group containing Suinong 76
Nongqingdou 13
and Dongnong 56
and a high-oil group containing Changmidou 30 and 19-201. Together
these results establish a phenotypic framework for soybean quality germplasm evaluation
identify Suinong 76 as an elite donor with superior overall performance
and define high-protein and high-oil germplasm groups for soybean quality improvement.
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