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1.武汉大学测绘学院,湖北 武汉,430079
2.地球空间环境与大地测量教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉,430079
3.自然资源部地球物理大地测量重点实验室,湖北 武汉,430079
Revised:2026-09-08,
Published:05 October 2026
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金涛勇,高贤文,孙鹤洋,等.卫星测高技术进展与发展趋势[J].测绘地理信息,2026,51(5):16-26
JIN Taoyong,GAO Xianwen,SUN Heyang,et al.The Progress and Prospects of Satellite Altimetry[J].Journal of Geomatics,2026,51(5):16-26
金涛勇,高贤文,孙鹤洋,等.卫星测高技术进展与发展趋势[J].测绘地理信息,2026,51(5):16-26 DOI: 10.14188/j.2095-6045.20260443.
JIN Taoyong,GAO Xianwen,SUN Heyang,et al.The Progress and Prospects of Satellite Altimetry[J].Journal of Geomatics,2026,51(5):16-26 DOI: 10.14188/j.2095-6045.20260443.
卫星测高技术已广泛用于大地测量学、海洋学、地球物理学、水文学、冰冻圈科学等领域,在海平面变化、海洋重力场、海底地形、冰川变化等方面研究取得了重要进展。本文较为系统地总结了卫星测高技术的发展现状,以TOPEX/Poseidon系列、ERS系列、SARAL/AltiKa、CryoSat-2、Sentinel-3/6、SWOT、ICESat/ICESat-2及中国HY-2系列等代表性任务为主线,梳理低分辨率脉冲有限型雷达测高、合成孔径雷达测高、宽刈幅干涉雷达测高和激光测高等主要技术体制的发展及其在海洋、内陆水体和冰冻圈观测中的应用,并阐述现有业务化测高任务的延续规划以及S3 NG-T、CRISTAL和EDGE等未来任务。总体来看,卫星测高已形成多种技术体制相互补充的观测体系,观测方式由传统星下点沿轨一维测量逐步向更高分辨率的沿轨观测和二维成像拓展,观测范围也由开阔海洋不断延伸至近岸、内陆水体、海冰、冰盖和陆地表面。未来卫星测高将进一步向高频及多频联合观测、二维成像、多星组网和多任务协同发展,通过不同测高任务之间的优势互补,进一步提升观测精度、时空覆盖和长期一致性,逐步构建面向全球多类型地表的综合测高观测体系。
After more than five decades of development, satellite altimetry has gradually become an important space-based Earth observation technique integrating low-resolution pulse-limited radar altimetry, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) altimetry and its interferometric mode (SARIn), wide-swath interferometric radar altimetry, and laser altimetry. It has been widely applied in geodesy, oceanography, geophysics, hydrology, and cryosphere science, contributing substantially to studies of sea-level change, marine geoid and gravity field determination, mean sea surface modeling, seafloor topography inversion, mesoscale and submesoscale ocean dynamics, inland water-level monitoring, sea-ice thickness estimation, and mapping of elevation changes in glaciers and ice sheets. This manuscript summarizes the development of satellite altimetry through representative missions, including the TOPEX/Poseidon series, ERS series, SARAL/AltiKa, CryoSat-2, Sentinel-3 and Sentinel-6 series, SWOT, ICESat/ICESat-2, and China’s HY-2 series. The basic principles, technical characteristics, and evolution of the major altimetry techniques are summarized, with particular emphasis on the transition from low-resolution pulse-limited altimetry to high-resolution SAR/SARIn altimetry, from conventional one-dimensional nadir measurements to two-dimensional wide-swath imaging, and from full-waveform laser altimetry to photon-counting laser altimetry. Their observational advantages and applications over the open ocean, coastal zones, inland waters, and the cryosphere are also summarized. The manuscript further discusses the continuity plans for current operational altimetry missions and forthcoming missions such as S3 NG-T (Sentinel-3 Next Generation Topography), CRISTAL (Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter), and EDGE (Earth Dynamics Geodetic Explorer). Overall, satellite altimetry has evolved into an integrated observing system in which multiple measurement techniques provide complementary capabilities. Observations are progressing from low-resolution, single-track nadir measurements toward higher-resolution along-track observations and two-dimensional swath imaging, while observation targets have expanded from the open ocean to coastal zones, rivers and lakes, sea ice, ice sheets, glaciers, and land surfaces. Looking ahead, future developments in satellite altimetry are expected to focus on four major directions: (1) higher-frequency radar measurements and multi-frequency joint observations; (2) two-dimensional imaging and multi-swath mapping; (3) multi-satellite constellations with enhanced temporal sampling and spatial coverage; and (4) coordinated and integrated observations across multiple missions. Through the complementary use of different frequency bands, measurement techniques, and satellite missions, these advances are expected to further improve measurement accuracy, spatiotemporal resolution and coverage, and long-term consistency, ultimately supporting the development of an integrated global satellite altimetry observing system capable of high-precision and high-resolution measurements over a broad range of surface types.
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