Characteristics of response of mucosal immunity and commensal microbiota in zebrafish gill during localized infection with spring viremia of carp virus

HE Qiulu; HU Changbai; WU Zhengben; DU Jiayi; ZHAO Xuyang; ZHANG Yujun; BEI Congran; RUAN Guoliang; WANG Qian; YU Yongyao

doi:10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.025

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Characteristics of response of mucosal immunity and commensal microbiota in zebrafish gill during localized infection with spring viremia of carp virus

Animal science·Veterinary medicine | 更新时间：2026-11-05

- Characteristics of response of mucosal immunity and commensal microbiota in zebrafish gill during localized infection with spring viremia of carp virus
- Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University Vol. 45, Issue 1, Pages: 278-288(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  1.长江大学动物科学学院，荆州 434025
  2.华中农业大学水产学院/湖北洪山实验室，武汉 430070
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.025
  CLC： X503.225;X171.5
- Received：14 April 2025，
  
  Published：15 January 2026
- 稿件说明：
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何秋璐，胡长柏，吴正犇，等.斑马鱼鳃黏膜免疫及共生菌群在鲤春病毒血症病毒局部侵染过程中的响应［J］.华中农业大学学报，2026，45（1）：278‐288.

HE Qiulu,HU Changbai,WU Zhengben,et al.Characteristics of response of mucosal immunity and commensal microbiota in zebrafish gill during localized infection with spring viremia of carp virus[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2026,45(01):278-288.
何秋璐，胡长柏，吴正犇，等.斑马鱼鳃黏膜免疫及共生菌群在鲤春病毒血症病毒局部侵染过程中的响应［J］.华中农业大学学报，2026，45（1）：278‐288. DOI： 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.025.

HE Qiulu,HU Changbai,WU Zhengben,et al.Characteristics of response of mucosal immunity and commensal microbiota in zebrafish gill during localized infection with spring viremia of carp virus[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2026,45(01):278-288. DOI： 10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2026.01.025.

摘要

为深入解析鱼类病毒性疾病的致病及微生物抗病作用的机制，以斑马鱼为研究对象构建鲤春病毒血症病毒（spring viremia of carp virus，SVCV）局部侵染模型，分析感染后不同时间（1、4、7和14 d）斑马鱼鳃组织病毒载量、病理和免疫相关基因表达情况，并基于转录组和16S rRNA测序进一步探究斑马鱼鳃黏膜免疫相关基因和鳃表面菌群在急性感染期（4 d）和恢复期（14 d）的变化。结果显示，SVCV感染后斑马鱼鳃小片结构破坏、呼吸上皮脱落及炎性细胞浸润。在急性感染期（4 d），抗病毒基因（

ifnγ

、

mxc

）和促炎因子（

tnfα

、

il1β

）显著上调。感染后4 d鳃组织除了炎症反应强烈外，其表面菌群也发生紊乱，条件致病菌（如假单胞菌属等）丰度显著增加，向组织内部发生移位，机体同时启动抗病毒和细菌感染的免疫反应。感染后14 d鳃炎症反应和表面菌群结构均有所恢复。研究表明SVCV经鳃感染可损伤鳃物理屏障结构，破坏黏膜菌群平衡，导致继发性细菌感染。因此，在病毒感染情况下应加强预防细菌病的暴发。

Abstract

A model of the localized infection with spring viremia of carp virus （SVCV） in zebrafish （

Danio rerio

） was established to deeply study the mechanisms of viral disease development and the protective functions of microbial communities in fish.The viral load，pathological alterations，and expression profiles of immune-related genes in gill at 1 day，4 days，7 days and 14 days po

st-infection were analyzed.The changes in the expression profiles of mucosal immune-related genes and surface microbiota in zebrafish gill during the acute infection （4 d） and recovery phase （14 d） were further investigated based on transcriptomic profiling and 16S rRNA sequencing.The results showed that the structure of gill lamellae was disrupted，with respiratory epithelium detachment and inflammatory cell infiltration after infection with SVCV.The expression level of antiviral genes （

ifnγ

，

mxc

） and proinflammatory cytokines （

tnfα

，

il1β

） was significantly upregulated during the period of acute infection.Concurrent strong inflammatory response and disordered surface microbiota of gill was identified at 4 d，characterized by significantly increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens （e.g.，

Pseudomonas

spp.） and their translocation into underlying tissues.The body simultaneously initiated immune responses against viral and bacterial infections in the mucous.Both the inflammatory response in gill and the structure of surface microbiota was restored after 14 days of infection.It is indicated that SVCV infection through gills can damage the structure of physical barrier in gill，disrupt the homeostasis of mucosal microbiota，and lead to secondary bacterial infections.Therefore，it is necessary to strengthen the prevention of the outbreaks of bacterial diseases in the case of viral infection.

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