Dual-Antenna Multi-system Real-Time Centimeter-Level GNSS-R Water Surface Altimetry Method and Performance Analysis

WU Ziheng; GUO Fei; ZHANG Zhiyu

doi:10.13203/j.whugis20250035

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Dual-Antenna Multi-system Real-Time Centimeter-Level GNSS-R Water Surface Altimetry Method and Performance Analysis

Geodesy and Survey Engineering | 更新时间：2026-11-05

- Dual-Antenna Multi-system Real-Time Centimeter-Level GNSS-R Water Surface Altimetry Method and Performance Analysis
- Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University Vol. 51, Issue 6, Pages: 1130-1137(2026)
- 作者机构：
  
  武汉大学测绘学院，湖北武汉，430079
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.13203/j.whugis20250035
  CLC： P228
- Received：14 February 2025，
  
  Published：05 June 2026
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
吴子恒,郭斐,张治宇.双天线多系统实时厘米级GNSS-R水面测高方法及性能分析[J].武汉大学学报（信息科学版）,2026,51(6):1130-1137.

WU Ziheng,GUO Fei,ZHANG Zhiyu.Dual-Antenna Multi-system Real-Time Centimeter-Level GNSS-R Water Surface Altimetry Method and Performance Analysis[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2026,51(6):1130-1137.
吴子恒,郭斐,张治宇.双天线多系统实时厘米级GNSS-R水面测高方法及性能分析[J].武汉大学学报（信息科学版）,2026,51(6):1130-1137. DOI：,10.13203/j.whugis20250035

WU Ziheng,GUO Fei,ZHANG Zhiyu.Dual-Antenna Multi-system Real-Time Centimeter-Level GNSS-R Water Surface Altimetry Method and Performance Analysis[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2026,51(6):1130-1137. DOI：,10.13203/j.whugis20250035

摘要

全球导航卫星系统反射(global navigation satellite system-reflectometry

GNSS-R)是一种被动式遥感技术，具有高时空分辨率、低成本等优势。针对传统岸基单天线干涉法在小尺度水域测高精度低、连续性差的问题，提出一种基于相对定位原理的上下视双天线实时厘米级GNSS-R水面测高方法。通过多系统组合解基线向量的方式，反演水面高度变化，并在实验场开展了长期连续运行测试。结果表明，上下视天线的模糊度平均固定率达到93.97%，测高均方根误差平均为2.39 cm，相较于传统单天线GNSS-R测高有显著优势。此外，对比分析了单系统和多系统组合测高性能，采用多系统组合的测高方法相较于使用单北斗卫星导航系统和GPS+Galileo，在测高连续性上分别提升了85.1%和209.2%，在测高精度上分别提升了17.9%和69.5%，为中小尺度水域的实时连续高精度水位变化监测提供了新的技术途径。

Abstract

Objectives

Global navigation satellite system-reflectometry (GNSS-R)

as a passive bistatic radar configuration

offers unique advantages in high spatiotemporal resolution

cost efficiency

and global signal availability. These merits have propelled its widespread applications across marine remote sensing (e.g.

sea surface altimetry

wind speed retrieval) and terrestrial monitoring (e.g.

soil moisture estimation

ice sheet characterization). Particularly

GNSS-R-based water surface altimetry has garnered significant scientific attention due to its capacity for non-contact

all-weather monitoring

with extensive investigations conducted globally on coastal zones

inland lakes

and river systems. While existing studies have demonstrated its technological potential

critical challenges persist in conventional shore-based single-antenna implementations

including suboptimal accuracy (typically decimeter-level) and discontinuous observations under dynamic small-scale water conditions.

Methods

We present a real-time centimeter-level GNSS-R water surface altimetry method employing a top-bottom dual-antenna geometry based on relative positioning principles. By resolving baseline vectors through multi-GNSS constellation combinations (BeiDou satellite navigation system (BDS)/global positioning system (GPS)/Galileo) and leveraging the geometric relationship between the receiver antennas and the water surface

the system achieves continuous inversion of height variations. The methodology was rigorously validated through 12-month continuous operational trials at an instrumented test site.

Results

The dual-antenna system achieved a 93.97% mean ambiguity resolution success rate

with altimetric performance characterized by a root mean square error of 2.39 cm and standard deviation of 2.06 cm. These metrics demonstrate the system's capability for stable long-term monitoring in small-to-medium water bodies

outperforming traditional single-antenna approaches. Multi-constellation integration (BDS/GPS/Galileo) enhanced temporal continuity by 85.1% and 209.2% relative to standalone BDS and GPS+Galileo systems respectively

while simultaneously improving altimetric precision by 17.9% and 69.5%. The combined configuration further reduces environmental dependency for equipment deployment and enhances spatiotemporal resolution in spatially constrained scenarios.

Conclusions

The proposed framework enables cost-effective water level monitoring through minimal adaptation of existing GNSS infrastructure. Field validation under meteorological extremes (e.g.

storm events) confirms operational robustness

positioning this technology as a viable solution for precision hydrometry in reservoirs

rivers

and lakes.

关键词

Keywords

references

刘经南，邵连军，张训械 . GNSS-R研究进展及其关键技术［J］. 武汉大学学报（信息科学版）， 2007 ， 32 （ 11 ）： 955 - 960 .

LIU Jingnan ， SHAO Lianjun ， ZHANG Xunxie . Advances in GNSS-R Studies and Key Technologies ［J］. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University ， 2007 ， 32 （ 11 ）： 955 - 960 .

MARTIN-NEIRA M ， CAPARRINI M ， FONT-ROSSELLO J ， et al . The PARIS Concept： An Experimental Demonstration of Sea Surface Altimetry Using GPS Reflected Signals ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing ， 2001 ， 39 （ 1 ）： 142 - 150 .

贺匀峤 . 高精度GNSS-R海面测高基带信号处理研究［D］. 济南：山东大学， 2022 .

HE Yunqiao . High Precision GNSS-R Sea Surface Altimetry Based and Signal Processing Research ［D］. Ji'nan ： Shandong University ， 2022 .

HOSEINI M ， SEMMLING M ， NAHAVANDCHI H ， et al . On the Response of Polarimetric GNSS-Reflectometry to Sea Surface Roughness ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing ， 2021 ， 59 （ 9 ）： 7945 - 7956 .

LI Z ， GUO F ， ZHANG X H ， et al . Analysis of Factors Influencing Significant Wave Height Retrieval and Performance Improvement in Spaceborne GNSS-R ［J］. GPS Solutions ， 2024 ， 28 （ 2 ）： 64 .

BAN W ， ZHANG K F ， YU K G ， et al . Detection of Red Tide over Sea Surface Using GNSS-R Spaceborne Observations ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing ， 2022 ， 60 ： 5802911 .

WANG X L ， HE X F ， SHI J ， et al . Estimating Sea Level， Wind Direction， Significant Wave Height， and Wave Peak Period Using a Geodetic GNSS Receiver ［J］. Remote Sensing of Environment ， 2022 ， 279 ： 113135 .

LI Z ， GUO F ， CHEN F D ， et al . Wind Speed Retrieval Using GNSS-R Technique with Geographic Partitioning ［J］. Satellite Navigation ， 2023 ， 4 （ 1 ）： 4 .

HU Y ， JIANG Z H ， LIU W ， et al . GNSS-R Sea Ice Detection Based on Linear Discriminant Analysis ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing ， 2023 ， 61 ： 5800812 .

CAMPS A ， PARK H ， PABLOS M ， et al . Soil Moisture and Vegetation Impact in GNSS-R TechDemosat-1 Observations ［C］// IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium ， Beijing， China ， 2016 .

ZHU Y F ， GUO F ， ZHANG X H . Spaceborne GNSS-R Soil Moisture Retrieval from GPS/BDS-3/Galileo Satellites ［J］. GPS Solutions ， 2024 ， 29 （ 1 ）： 10 .

WU X R ， XIA J M ， JIN S G ， et al . Is Soil Salinity Detectable by GNSS-R/IR？［C］// IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium ， Yokohama， Japan ， 2019 .

RODRIGUEZ-ALVAREZ N ， BOSCH-LLUIS X ， ACEVO R ， et al . Study of Maize Plants Effects in the Retrieval of Soil Moisture Using the Interference Pattern GNSS-R Technique ［C］// IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium ， Honolulu， USA ， 2010 .

ZHANG Z Y ， GUO F ， ZHANG X H ， et al . Physical Modeling and Compensation for Systematic Negative Errors in GNSS-R Snow Depth Retrieval ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing ， 2023 ， 61 ： 5800612 .

WANG T L ， JOHNSON J T ， BRINGER A ， et al . Surface Roughness and Spectral Analysis Using Airborne LiDAR Digital Elevation Models （DEMs） for Modeling and Calibration/Validation of GNSS-R Land Returns ［C］// General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science ， Sapporo， Japan ， 2023 .

MARTÍN-NEIRA M . A Pasive Reflectometry and Interferometry System （PARIS） Application to Ocean Altimetry ［EB/OL］. （ 1993-01-01 ）［ 2025-01-04 ］. https：//spotlight.unavco.org/how-gps-works/gps-basics/reflected-gps-signals_files/Martin-Neira-PARIS-1993.pdf https://spotlight.unavco.org/how-gps-works/gps-basics/reflected-gps-signals_files/Martin-Neira-PARIS-1993.pdf .

CARRENO-LUENGO H ， CAMPS A ， RAMOS-PÉREZ I ， et al . Experimental Evaluation of GNSS-Reflectometry Altimetric Precision Using the P（Y） and C/A Signals ［J］. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing ， 2014 ， 7 （ 5 ）： 1493 - 1500 .

胡媛，钟李程，陈行杨，等 . GNSS-R信噪比信号在海面测高技术的研究综述［J］. 全球定位系统， 2021 ， 46 （ 4 ）： 1 - 7 .

HU Yuan ， ZHONG Licheng ， CHEN Xingyang ， et al . A Summary of Research on GNSS-R Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal Height Measurement Technology on the Sea ［J］. GNSS World of China ， 2021 ， 46 （ 4 ）： 1 - 7 .

CARRENO-LUENGO H ， PARK H ， CAMPS A ， et al . Submeter Ocean Altimetry with GPS L1 C/A Signal ［C］// IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium ， Munich， Germany ， 2012 .

HE Y Q ， GAO F ， XU T H ， et al . Coastal Altimetry Using Interferometric Phase from GEO Satellite in Quasi-Zenith Satellite System ［J］. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters ， 2022 ， 19 ： 3002505 .

LOWE S T ， KROGER P ， FRANKLIN G ， et al . A Delay/Doppler-Mapping Receiver System for GPS-Reflection Remote Sensing ［J］. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing ， 2002 ， 40 （ 5 ）： 1150 - 1163 .

CAMPS A ， PARK H ， VALENCIA I DOMÈNECH E ， et al . Optimization and Performance Analysis of Interferometric GNSS-R Altimeters： Application to the PARIS IoD Mission ［J］. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing ， 2014 ， 7 （ 5 ）： 1436 - 1451 .

CARDELLACH E ， FABRA F ， NOGUÉS-CORREIG O ， et al . GNSS-R Ground-Based and Airborne Campaigns for Ocean， Land， Ice， and Snow Techniques： Application to the GOLD-RTR Data Sets ［J］. Radio Science ， 2011 ， 46 （ 6 ）： 2011RS004683 .

BAI W H ， SUN Y Q ， FU Y ， et al . GNSS-R Open-Loop Difference Phase Altimetry： Results from a Bridge Experiment ［J］. Advances in Space Research ， 2012 ， 50 （ 8 ）： 1150 - 1157 .

DELOACH S R . GPS Tides： A Project to Determine Tidal Datums with the Global Positioning System ［EB/OL］. （ 1995-05-01 ）［ 2025-01-04 ］. https：//gge.ext.unb.ca/Pubs/TR181.pdf https://gge.ext.unb.ca/Pubs/TR181.pdf .

LARSON K M ， LÖFGREN J S ， HAAS R . Coastal Sea Level Measurements Using a Single Geodetic GPS Receiver ［J］. Advances in Space Research ， 2013 ， 51 （ 8 ）： 1301 - 1310 .

LÖFGREN J S ， HAAS R ， SCHERNECK H G . Sea Level Time Series and Ocean Tide Analysis from Multipath Signals at Five GPS Sites in Different Parts of the World ［J］. Journal of Geodynamics ， 2014 ， 80 ： 66 - 80 .

JIN S G ， QIAN X D ， WU X . Sea Level Change from BeiDou Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry （BDS-R）： First Results and Evaluation ［J］. Global and Planetary Change ， 2017 ， 149 ： 20 - 25 .

HOLDEN L D ， LARSON K M . Ten Years of Lake Taupō Surface Height Estimates Using the GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry ［J］. Journal of Geodesy ， 2021 ， 95 （ 7 ）： 74 .

邓垦，周佩元，杜兰，等 . 多系统单频紧组合GNSS-R测高方法［J］. 武汉大学学报（信息科学版）， 2024 ， 49 （ 1 ）： 146 - 155 .

DENG Ken ， ZHOU Peiyuan ， DU Lan ， et al . GNSS-R Altimetry Method with Multi-System Single-Frequency Tight Integration ［J］. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University ， 2024 ， 49 （ 1 ）： 146 - 155 .

邓垦 . 岸基GNSS-R双天线水面高度反演关键技术研究［D］. 郑州：信息工程大学， 2024 .

DENG Ken . Research on Key Technologies of Shore-Based GNSS-R Dual-Antenna Water Surface Height Inversion ［D］. Zhengzhou ： Information Engineering University ， 2024 .

王娜子，鲍李峰，高凡 . 逐历元GNSS-R测高单差和双差算法［J］. 测绘学报， 2016 ， 45 （ 7 ）： 795 - 802 .

WANG Nazi ， BAO Lifeng ， GAO Fan . Improved Water Level Retrieval from Epoch-by-Epoch Single and Double Difference GNSS-R Algorithms ［J］. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica ， 2016 ， 45 （ 7 ）： 795 - 802 .

王娜子，鲍李峰，高凡 . 宽巷组合下的cGNSS-R测高算法［J］. 测绘通报， 2016 （ 8 ）： 6 - 9 .

WANG Nazi ， BAO Lifeng ， GAO Fan . An Algorithm for cGNSS-R Altimetry Based on the Wide-lane Combination ［J］. Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping ， 2016 （ 8 ）： 6 - 9 .

ZHANG Y ， LI B B ， TIAN L M ， et al . Phase Altimetry Using Reflected Signals from BeiDou GEO Satellites ［J］. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters ， 2016 ， 13 （ 10 ）： 1410 - 1414 .

HE Y Q ， GAO F ， XU T H ， et al . Accurate Tide Monitoring Using Shipborne GNSS-R Phase Altimetry： A Case Study ［J］. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters ， 2025 ， 22 ： 1500305 .

何俊，刘万科，张小红 . 北斗短基线三频实测数据单历元模糊度固定［J］. 武汉大学学报（信息科学版）， 2015 ， 40 （ 3 ）： 361 - 365 .

HE Jun ， LIU Wanke ， ZHANG Xiaohong . Single Epoch Ambiguity Resolution of BDS Triple Frequency Measured Data Under Short Baseline ［J］. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University ， 2015 ， 40 （ 3 ）： 361 - 365 .

CAMPS A . Spatial Resolution in GNSS-R Under Coherent Scattering ［J］. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters ， 2020 ， 17 （ 1 ）： 32 - 36 .

郭斐，李佰瀚，张治宇，等 . 利用GNSS反射信号监测海面高度变化：基于法国BRST站2019—2021年数据［J］. 地球科学与环境学报， 2023 ， 45 （ 3 ）： 548 - 558 .

GUO Fei ， LI Baihan ， ZHANG Zhiyu ， et al . Change of Sea Surface Height Monitored by GNSS Reflected Signals-Based on Data from BRST Station in France from 2019 to 2021 ［J］. Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment ， 2023 ， 45 （ 3 ）： 548 - 558 .

Views

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Progress in GNSS Data Processing for Global Rapid Centimeter-Level Services

Simulation and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Performance of Spaceborne BDS-3-R Polar Observations

Statistical Analysis of Simulated Space-Borne GNSS-R Data in Different Antenna Coverage and Installation Condition

Water Surface Altimetry Using BD-3 B2a Reflected Signal

Intelligent Change Detection Method and Application Based on Wuhan-1 Satellite Imagery

Related Author

ZHAO Qile

GU Shengfeng

ZHU Jiaxi

MAO Feiyu

GUO Jing

GUO Jiang

XU Xiaolong

QU Moyu

Related Institution

GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Hubei Luojia Laboratory

International Bureau of Weights and Measures

State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University

National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences

AI问答

⁰