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1.中国地质大学(武汉)地质探测与评估教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉,430074
2.中国地质大学(武汉)国家地理信息系统工程技术研究中心,湖北 武汉,430078
3.中国地质大学(武汉)地理与信息工程学院,湖北 武汉,430078
Received:25 September 2025,
Published:05 May 2026
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徐立,杨春成,刘鹏,等.三维PDF地图数据组织模型研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2026,51(5):1059-1068.
XU Li,YANG Chuncheng,LIU Peng,et al.3D Geospatial PDF Map Data Organization Model[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2026,51(5):1059-1068.
徐立,杨春成,刘鹏,等.三维PDF地图数据组织模型研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2026,51(5):1059-1068. DOI:10.13203/j.whugis20240227
XU Li,YANG Chuncheng,LIU Peng,et al.3D Geospatial PDF Map Data Organization Model[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2026,51(5):1059-1068. DOI:10.13203/j.whugis20240227
三维电子地图能直观、形象地表达客观世界,对提升三维地理环境的认知与表达具有重要意义。然而,传统三维电子地图通常数据量庞大、格式多样,且依赖专业软件进行浏览与操作,增加了普通用户的使用门槛。信息化时代,普通用户对便携式文档格式(portable document format,PDF)比较熟悉,其具有更好的通用性和普适性。为顺应地图应用大众化的趋势,降低三维地图的使用难度,探索并设计了一种基于PDF格式的三维地图数据组织模型。首先,归纳了三维PDF地图的概念,围绕通用三维模型设计数据组织与数据存储结构。然后,基于该组织模型分别利用地形数据、倾斜摄影数据、城市三维数据开展三维PDF地图制作实验。最后,讨论分析了该数据组织模型的典型特征。实验结果表明,所构建的三维PDF地图图面清晰、表达美观,既保留了地图的基本功能,又具备PDF文档的轻量化与易传播特性,有助于扩大三维电子地图的用户群体并拓展其应用场景。
Objectives
2
Three-dimensional (3D) electronic maps offer significant advantages in representing the objective world with high fidelity and intuition
playing a pivotal role in the abstract simulation and cognitive analysis of complex 3D geographical environments. However
traditional 3D electronic maps often suffer from massive volumes
heterogeneous formats
and a heavy reliance on specialized geographic information system (GIS) software
which collectively impose a high technical threshold for non-professional users. In the era of informatization
ordinary users are familiar with the portable document format (PDF)
and the PDF format has emerged as a globally recognized standard due to its cross-platform compatibility and high universality. To adapt to the trend of popular map application and lower the barrier for ordinary users to use maps
this paper explores the design of a new type of 3D map data organization model
namely the 3D geospatial PDF map data organization model. This model establishes a formal expression framework for 3D maps by leveraging the structural affordances of the PDF format.
Methods
2
First
we established the theoretical foundation by elaborating on the conceptual framework of the 3D geospatial PDF map. This involved designing a hierarchical data organization structure that formalizes the transition from complex 3D map data to document-based representations. Specifically
we engineered a robust data storage schema that leverages the universal 3D (U3D) standard within the PDF object hierarchy
ensuring seamless encapsulation of 3D geometries
texture mappings
and spatial metadata. Second
to evaluate the model's robustness and cross-domain applicability
a series of mapping and analysis experiments were conducted. We utilized a diverse range of multi-source spatial datasets
including terrain elevation data
oblique photography meshes
and urban 3D models
to produce high-fidelity 3D geospatial PDF prototypes. This process validated the model's capacity to handle heterogeneous data formats and complex spatial scenes.
Results
2
The experimental results demonstrate that: (1) Three 3D geospatial PDF maps are produced based on our 3D geospatial PDF map data organization model
with clear and beautiful visual effects. (2) The 3D geospatial PDF map has both basic map features and PDF lightweight features
namely map scene element visualization
geospatial reference
three-dimensional geographic entity structure
lightweight storage
lightweight form
and lightweight application.
Conclusions
2
This research provides map users with a standardized and accessible 3D map solution based on the PDF format. By decoupling 3D spatial information from specialized software environments
this model significantly lowers the barrier to entry for spatial data utilization
thereby expanding the user base and broadening the application scenarios for 3D electronic maps in the digital age.
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