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1.南京师范大学虚拟地理环境教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京,210023
2.江苏省地理环境演化国家重点实验室培育建设点,江苏 南京,210023
3.江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心,江苏 南京,210023
4.自然资源部地图技术审查中心,北京,100830
5.湖南省地理信息安全与应用工程研究中心,湖南 长沙,410017
Received:19 March 2024,
Published:05 February 2026
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袁天洋,朱长青,陈会仙,等.面向OpenDRIVE格式高精地图的脆弱水印法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2026,51(2):403-412.
YUAN Tianyang,ZHU Changqing,CHEN Huixian,et al.Fragile Watermarking Algorithm for High-Definition Map of OpenDRIVE Format[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2026,51(2):403-412.
袁天洋,朱长青,陈会仙,等.面向OpenDRIVE格式高精地图的脆弱水印法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2026,51(2):403-412. DOI:10.13203/j.whugis20230500
YUAN Tianyang,ZHU Changqing,CHEN Huixian,et al.Fragile Watermarking Algorithm for High-Definition Map of OpenDRIVE Format[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2026,51(2):403-412. DOI:10.13203/j.whugis20230500
针对高精地图数据完整性保护问题,提出了一种基于零宽度字符和信息摘要算法的OpenDRIVE格式高精地图脆弱水印法。水印嵌入过程中,先按照文档节点的树状结构与道路要素的起始点坐标排序建立位置关系,再提取节点外部文本生成脆弱水印信息,并结合建立的位置关系将水印嵌入到对应节点。在验证时,对比生成的水印信息与提取的水印信息,根据两者差异鉴定数据完整性。实验结果表明,所提算法生成的水印不可见性良好,不会改变地图所包含的信息,验证水印时能够精准定位文档中发生的篡改,引入的数据增量与原始文件大小的比值通常可控制在5%以内。
Objectives
2
High-definition maps are regarded as key data resources in the development of digital transportation
making their data integrity protection critically important. However
conventional hash algorithms used for file verification are not capable of inferring the location of tampered content from a single checksum anomaly. Therefore
an algorithm that can not only verify the integrity of high-definition map data but also accurately locate tampered regions is essential for mitigating network security risks in digital transportation and safeguarding public safety. To address this issue
this paper proposes a fragile watermarking algorithm specifically designed for high-definition maps in the OpenDRIVE format.
Methods
2
The proposed algorithm is designed based on unicode zero-width characters and message digest algorithm 5 hash algorithm. The proposed algorithm uses zero-width character sequences to embed watermark information
with extensible markup language nodes serving as the basic units for watermark generation
embedding
extraction
and verification. The watermark information corresponding to each node is composed of a combination of a tree watermark and a road feature watermark. To avoid affecting the normal use of map data
the watermark sequence is embedded at the end of the line corresponding to the starting tag or the unique tag of each node. During data distribution
the administrator can use this algorithm to generate fragile watermarks
embed them into high-definition map data and verify whether the watermarks are successfully embedded in the file. When the user needs to verify the integrity of the file
this algorithm can be used to extract and verify the watermark. If the two are identical
the file is considered intact
otherwise
the algorithm determines the tampered location based on the detected anomalies.
Results
2
Experimental results demonstrate that embedding watermarks into high-definition map documents does not cause any visible abnormal display. The watermark embedding process introduces no significant increase in file size
and the ratio of the size increment to the original file size can be controlled within 5%. In addition
the proposed algorithm exhibits high sensitivity to both node-level and watermark-level attacks and is capable of accurately locating tampered positions. In cases of whole-element deletion
the geometric information of the deleted element can still be inferred.
Conclusions
2
The proposed algorithm is suitable for the integrity protection of high-definition map data
and can also be applied to the integrity protection of other structurally similar data such as hypertext markup language and cascading style sheets
as long as cancelling some preprocessing requirements
reconfirming the appropriate watermark embedding position and clarifying the definition of features and the sorting rules between features.
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